$\"\"$

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The series is $\"\"$ .

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(a)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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In the series $\"\"$ , substitute $\"\"$ for the $\"\"$ .

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Therefore, $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(b)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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In the series $\"\"$ , substitute $\"\"$ for the $\"\"$ .

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Therefore, $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(c)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Consider $\"\"$ .

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Multiply the function by $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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Therefore, $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(d)

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The function is $\"\"$ .

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Consider $\"\"$ , substitute $\"\"$ for the $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$ .

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Therefore, $\"\"$ .

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$\"\"$

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(a) $\"\"$ .

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(b) $\"\"$ .

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(c) $\"\"$ .

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(d) $\"\"$ .